There are a number of different ways you can choose to look at the ideas that I am proposing:
1. View the outline map first. Start from the bottom left-hand corner.
It gives an outline of how I think things are related.
2. There is an animation to view, for which I thank Deepak and his team. This shows in visual form what I think happens starting from below the level of quarks and leptons. (DUE END AUGUST 2008)
3. If you would like some of the explanation in a more normal and accepted form of presentation, read some of the linked papers that have either been submitted to major journals or are still work-in-progress.
Ring Theory in a Nutshell - gives a short outline of the ideas, composed as a preon theory
FQHE can be interpreted as QM skipping between stable orbits around flux lines within 'gardens'
A Solution to the Negative Energy problem of energy levels in atoms
What Energy actually is - a vector/counting system
Screw Vector Energy - how both screw and directionality are vital in order to understand energy
Where the line between QM and GR lies, the zero total energy of motion and position (ZTES) state
4. You could read on from here.
Although I wouldn't like to be inundated with questions, I can be contacted at mike_lawrence(ATSIGN)mlawrence.co.uk Thanks for looking....
Have you ever wondered what the universe is made from? Are you interested in what started time ticking? In what existed before time? What underlies all matter?
I believe I have some answers – and they are simple in being based on splitting nothingness into two equal and opposite volumes – particles that I call ‘Meons’.
It is the result of splitting nothingness into equal numbers of meon pairs that starts the formation of the building blocks of the universe that we know.
After being split out of nothingness, the meons chase each other and form chains, then loops and finally standardised loops, which I call ‘rings’, of just three meon pairs each. The formation of loops and rings is what started what we call ‘time’, before which there was no time. The standardised rings are what we call quarks and leptons. From here everything that we can see is built.
Along the journey, there are some implications that emerge from being able to split nothingness apart and have it form rings. These include the start of time – before loops and rings there was no time – and the existence of only two types of energy – mass-like and charge-like.
To differentiate the source of these two energy types, I have called the most basic level, which are the properties of the meons, ‘Flair’, a mass-like energy, and ‘Knack’, a charge-like energy. The same energy types at the higher level, which are the properties of the rings, are mass and charge, as we already know them, plus some not recognised so far.
However, there are important extra factors which affect how the two levels of energies act. What we call ‘mass’ in a ring is really the frequency at which the meons rotate – and always appears positive from sufficiently far away. In a meon, flair can be positive, in the positive meon, and it can be negative, in the negative meon. And same flair types attract, as do same mass types. Similarly, positive meons have positive knack and negative meons have negative knack, but here same knacks repel and opposites attract. The result is that all rings have zero total flair and zero total knack.
It is also necessary to reinterpret the nature of energy, so that a consistent meaning can be read. Energy is a vector quantity – inward, outward or straight line. An isolated body in motion already has energy and this is the same, at a distance, as having a force driving the body along its direction of motion. A body in a stable orbit has no total of energy of motion plus potential over a complete orbit, other than its rest mass energy. Mass energy and motional energy are outwards away from the centre of mass. Potential energy is inwards. Kinetic energy is along the instantaneous line of travel of the body, and sums to zero over a complete orbit.
The following chapters (treating this like a book) outline the basic presumptions and conclusions that derive from the splitting of nothingness into particles and are grouped into general categories, although there is considerable overlap across chapters.
This book explains the underlying assumptions and relationships in a non-mathematical way. The formulae showing relationships are simple, but would serve to distract from the overall message – that the universe rests on simple foundations, that everything is continually in motion, intimately interconnected and happening at the same instant in the underlying space that the meons inhabit. However, they are included at the end for those that would like to see them, and in the listed pdf and Word files, which were either submitted to major physics journals or are still work in progress.
The book also addresses some of the fundamental paradoxes that have afflicted, for example, the competing interpretations of quantum mechanics and relativity theories. It suggests that both are correct, and need only to be interpreted appropriately. For example, Einstein and Bohr were both right. At the meon level, all future movements can be predicted over all time, but only when using meons as observers – but these are not available directly to us. At the ring level, which is the lowest level we can observe, the nature of the ring introduces uncertainty in the position of the ring and its motion, which is mirrored in the use by us of a ring to make the observation. In addition, the action of ‘skipping’, which underlies quantum mechanics, means that the position of a ring can never be known before measurement. So at the ring level no certainty is possible and probabilities are all that can be obtained. So Einstein was right that the most fundamental level is not based on probabilities, but Bohr was right that we have only probabilities available to us.
There is no need for multiple universes or more than three dimensions. Time is not another dimension in its own right, but a construct based on the motion of the meons when formed as rings, which we use to measure the motion of other rings.
Time’s past is in different parts. There was no time before rings formed, in our sense of the definition of time. And in the underlying space that the meons themselves inhabit, there is no time. Everything we measure as happening, over a period of our time, is happening at the same instant in meon space.
Nothing in the book should be read either for or against a prime-mover or supreme being.
INDEX
Fundamentals - Core - Interesting
Fundamentals - Core - Implications
This is what the ideas are based on.
Most fundamentally, that physics is the same at all levels and can be applied everywhere and is driven by the simplest of objectives with the minimum of forces.
Furthermore, that mechanics on the largest and smallest scales are the same, although there are extremes at which our current theories break down – including general relativity, although not due to renormalisation, but due to the quantised nature of the rings and their differing rest-masses sizes within a composite body.
There are no force carrier particles. There are particles that we term force carriers, but they do not carry forces. There are only two types of force – mass-like and charge-like. The other forces are these two in close action between rings that have both specific sizes and frequencies of rotation.
The following list represents a list of assumptions and definitions that underlie the ideas:
1
Everything comes from ‘nothing’. ‘Nothing’ is quantised. ‘Nothing’ breaks into equal and opposite particles, called meons. Each unit of ‘nothing’ is a zero mass black hole (ZMBH).
The underlying universe is composed of ZMBHs.
Space has always been unitised into ZMBHs, and they are the background on and through which everything moves.
There is only one type of particle, with an anti-partner, which is required to explain everything in the universe. The positive meon and negative meon combine to form, or are split out from, a ZMBH.
All meons are always in contact with all other meons in their own space.
2
A positive meon has positive mass-like energy called ‘flair’ and negative charge-like energy called ‘knack’. The negative meon is has the opposite properties.
Since there are only two energy types, there are only two force types.
The only forces are due to mass-like and charge-like energies.
Charge-like and mass-like forces are the same strength.
The energies Flair, knack, mass and charge are used specifically when required from now on, but otherwise mass and charge are used generically. This is because although flair and knack could be different to mass and charge, their actions are similar.
3
Symmetry is all.
4
All energies are vectors.
Mass acts as a vector energy, or force, outwards from the centre of mass.
An isolated body moving at constant speed and direction has a force already acting within it, and that force is the body’s kinetic energy, which is a vector quantity.
The only energies that are absolute, as opposed to relative, are those taken with reference to the centre of mass of the universe.
It may appear that velocity has a specific direction, but it is the direction of the energy inherent in the motion of the body that provides the vector quality. The two are inextricably linked, in that every velocity requires an energy along its direction, but leads to misinterpretation when the velocity is ascribed vector, and the energy scalar, character, rather than the reverse.
Acceleration only comes from changes in speed.
5
The momentum of flair and knack are conserved.
6
Like masses attract like masses. Like flairs attracts like flairs. Unlike charges attract. Unlike knacks attract.
7
Only changes in separation involve changes in energy.
The underlying imperative of nature is the imperative of constancy of separation, called ‘restraint’. At each level, systems are driven to try to maintain separation between components. Rings remain the same size until they are altered by addition of subtraction of frequency, which we measure as energy.
Restraint is minimising changes in meon-meon separation and drives all observable features.
8
All physical parameters can be linked through their dimensions in powers of mass or charge. For example, energy is mass to the power of 5 (m+5), angular momentum m+0, velocity is m+2, distance m-3, mass m+1 and charge m-1.
Conservation occurs when a parameter is independent of any other parameter.
In order to be conserved, a parameter must be independent of everything, or dependent on nothing.
Any combination of parameters that produces a zero power of mass dependency (m+0) will be conserved, and conversely any combination that does not produce such a result will not be conserved.
When a combination of parameters has a mass or charge power of zero, that combination is a law or a constant of nature.
9
Viscosity provides positive inertia for any sign of flair or mass.
Inertia is the force that a body has due to its motion, and is the same force that was used to set it in motion, ignoring frictional effects, or it is the force required to set the body in motion
The inertial mass of both positive and negative flairs and masses will be positive.
The speed of light is the limit approached by rings or meons subject to resistive force of the background viscosity proportional to the square of the velocity of the ring or meon.
10
Conservation of meon volume conserves momentum.
A body or ring is not given energy, it is given momentum. What is observable looks like energy, but it is always momentum.
Conservation of momentum applies equally to charge as much as mass.
Momentum in a straight line is actually angular momentum about a point one Planck length from the centre of mass. Straight line momentum is another form of angular momentum.
11
The directions of action for motional and kinetic energies are perpendicular for circular motion.
12
Conservation of energy is the same as conservation of angular momentum or motional energy, or kinetic energy or potential energy.
13
All bodies try to attain a state of zero total energy of motion and potential (ZTES), where only rest mass energy remains over one complete orbit.
Zero total energy systems are preferred.
14
Bodies composed of randomly orientated rings have forces between them that are the same in any non-rotating frame of reference, but bodies with preferred orientation directions have different forces in action, dependent on different rotation rates, except at the Planck energy.
Everything must be included in a system.
There can be no system in which only one body is considered to be in motion in an otherwise empty reference frame. All bodies are interlinked and must be considered as a whole.
15
Relativity implies only that no measurement can be inconsistent because of where or how it was measured, but it does not imply that there cannot be one frame of reference from which all energies within the universe can measured so as to sum to zero, which will be the centre of universe frame. In a universe within which the total mass is zero, any point could be the centre of such a frame of reference.
16
Entanglement may be the result of a small number of different actions. Two rings may have approached within their combinatorial ring radius (different energy rings adjust to match size in photons) or two meons may have partly merged (as happens in photons). The result would be that they are then part of the same physical entity and the urge to maintain separation is of a no-time space type, where the inverse square law of action does not apply and there is no passage of time directly between the two on becoming unentangled.
17
As far as an observer composed of rings is concerned, the universe is composed only of rings, with each ring as its own unique space and time. Being made of rings, an observer can only measure relative properties of other systems composed of rings.
Anything which is not within the ring system is unobtainable and outside the universe – even though it may be physically within the same volume, it is not observable and represents some point in meon space and no-time space, or a background ZMBH of average zero effect.
18
A spinning black hole must move and a moving black hole must spin.
19
Mass is due to ring rotation, whilst observable charge is due to meons twisting/spinning, about their axis along their direction of travel, as the ring rotates. The size of charge generated is the same for all meons when in motion, regardless of ring frequency. With two signs of charge, energy is directional down to screw orientation level and nature must be handed.
20
This set of ideas, called ‘Ring theory’ goes beyond QM and relativity to consider meon flair and knack quantisation and the effect of rotating frames of reference.
The different forces required by quantum mechanics to explain experimental results can be simplified to only gravitational (where both mass and energy are treated equally) and charge, if the effects of energy and rotational reference frames are correctly considered.
For every energy of a meon or ring, there exists an equal and opposite energy. The differences appear in how each energy interacts with the other energies, in terms of distance or direction of action.
The observable mass of any ring depends on the separation and the difference in frequency between the frame of reference of the observer and that of the ring. There are only two possible frames of reference that need to be considered, either that of the observer/rings or of a non-rotating stationary universe, although the former is complex.
When rings are close enough, each meon in one ring can experience each meon in the other ring directly. When rings are far enough apart, it is the sum of the meon components that comprise the ring, as a group, that act. When rings are between these distances, one ring is too far apart to see the second ring’s components yet the second ring can see the first ring’s components – the larger force provides the resulting action.
Forces at work between rings are different, depending on where they are observed from, except at the Planck energy where all frames of reference will provide the same result, regardless even of the direction of rotation of any of the rings or frame of reference.
Two rings will have completely different interactions depending on the distance between them. Charge dominates at intermediate distances, but gravity dominates at smaller because of the large flairs of the individual meons in the ring when compared with the electrostatic charge, and gravity also dominates at large distances because of the neutralising tendency of charges clumping together.
21
Energy phase difference is time difference.
Ring theory predicts a slightly different relativistic theory.
Newtonian gravitation also needs to be altered.
Entanglement is a property of the meons, either within the same ring, or across rings from one meon to another, and is a QM feature.
The action of gravity and charge depends on the size of the rings as well as their separation.
The observed energy of a photon is the frequency which it actually possesses and the correct energy for any ring-based system is its total energy of motion, not its instantaneous energy.
The following list is of viewpoints surrounding the ideas, which emerge from the basic assumptions.
1
A theory of everything that is based on two particles that when merged together form zero mass black holes, but when separate chase two other similar pairs around to form rings, which are the quarks and leptons.
2
Extreme states of matter require looking down the ‘wrong’ end of a telescope.
3
Since all properties can be expressed in simple powers of mass, or simple inverse powers of charge, the implication is very strong that mass and charge underlie all of the others, and that there is a basic symmetry between mass and charge.
Universal constants represent relationships between Planck scale parameters in which the powers of mass sum to zero.
4
The total energy of any isolated system is always zero, although it may not be observed as such.
5
Open-ended transmission loses information.
6
Determinism without complete information leaves only probabilities.
7
Clockwork meons to quantum uncertainty in rings.
8
Equal numbers of meon pairs does not mean equal numbers of ring and anti-ring. Overall there will be a sum over all rings of zero charge and rotational components, but that does not mean that there are equal numbers of each type of ring. There may also be separate meons and some loops that are not rings.
This list is of the implications of the ideas, most of which are obvious from the underlying assumptions but which are currently considered to conflict amongst themselves, as, for example, is the case in the conflicting interpretations of physics based on either quantum mechanics or relativity theory. The ideas here show that they are not in conflict, but are each correct interpretations, although of different physical levels in the pyramid of building blocks that form the universe.
1
All future events and all past history are currently happening now, at the same instant in time, and at the same place in space in underlying no-time meon space. What we see is an illusion of time and space.
There is effectively no space between the meons, regardless of what we measure to be their ‘actual’ separation in our space time.
Entangled rings can become separated by what we measure to be large distances, and yet retain their direct no-time space connections. For entangled meons and rings, it is as if space did not exist between them.
2
There are only two variables needed to set all physics in our universe (given Planck units as unity), the fine structure constant and the size of the quark and lepton ring families.
3
Locality and non-locality co-exist. Rings can be both local and non-local depending on their total energy and the system they are in, whereas meons are non-local.
4
Superdeterminism rules at meon level, probabilities at ring level.
5
No need for a Higgs particle or mechanism.
6
A rotating system like a ring will appear to be both a wave and a particle at the same time.
7
There is not necessarily an imbalance of particles and anti-particles in the universe.
There is always a balance of positive and negative flair, knack, charge and spin throughout the universe.
8
The place of greatest density is where a single meon sits.
9
Inertial fields are due only to charge and gravity, from knack and charge or flair and mass respectively.
10
The universe cannot be rotating.
11
The more symmetric a system is, the lower its energy.
12
Ripples of ZMBH vibrations pass at above light speed, even though the ZMBHs centres of oscillation themselves are stationary whilst they oscillate.
13
There are no acceleration forces due to change in direction.
14
The universe is a ZTES.
15
Stable orbits are ZTESs.
16
Vector kinetic energy sums to zero over one orbit in a stable orbit.
17
Forces depend on frame of reference of measurement.
18
All frames are the same at the Planck energy.
19
Energy, or lack of it, divides the realm of quantum mechanics from that of relativity.
20
Calculations based on vector energies provide collision solutions where no energy is lost between elastic bodies.
Level 0 is the most basic level of the pyramid that forms the universe and concerns how the nothingness of space, in the form of unitised zero mass black holes (ZMBHs), can be drawn apart into meon pairs.
The following list outline descriptions of the state of matter at this most basic level.
1
ZMBHs are everywhere.
2
ZMBHs need to be pulled apart into their constituent two meons to start observable objects forming.
When two opposite meons are partly or wholly merged together, then from any point outside the physical extent of the pair, there will be on average nothing observable.
Meon pairs form ZMBHs.
Positive and negative meons are particle and anti-particle pair.
3
ZMBHs vibrate or rotate only at frequencies above those available to separated meons.
4
ZMBHs can pass actions faster than light – instantaneously in their own space and time – these are non-local effects. Rings can act locally and non-locally.
Meons are governed by the laws of physics before rings formed, and afterwards.
5
A ZMBH is a ZTES.
6
Meons provide the greatest gravitational and charge fields possible.
7
Meons are the smallest volume and only real objects in the universe.
8
The density of each meon makes it a black hole without equal.
9
Flair, knack, mass and charge have equal strength, although their actions differ.
10
Interactions by meons must be the same inside and outside ZMBHs. So the forces that drive photons and rings are the same as keep ZMBHs vibrating or oscillating.
The fine structure constant represents the size of energy that defines the minimum breath of life necessary to break ZMBHs apart into their constituent meons, as well as the electrostatic charge and the value of the twisting/spin energy of a meon.
11
The lifecycle of a meon is one of gaining angular momentum and spin/charge sufficient to break out of the ZMBH state, only to be returned there when the ring it joins is stopped rotating exactly and the meon joins with an anti-meon to become a stationary spinning ZMBH again.
12
A ZMBH separating into its constituent meon pair can be compared to a rip in the background of space, which is the unitisation of space into ZMBHs.
Level 1 in the pyramid concerns the meons. What they are made of and how they interact with each other to form chains then loops and finally rings.
The following list outlines descriptions of the state of matter at this level, just above the most basic level.
1
Flair and knack are the opposite sides of the same coin.
The maximum velocity of physical surfaces outside ZMBHs is light speed.
All meons have zero total energy, because for each positive energy in motion, there is a negative energy also in motion. But we only measure certain of the energies.
2
Meons are perfect charged black holes.
A meon is a ZTES.
3
Meons are the most dense particles possible.
4
Meons are affected by the viscosity of space proportional to speed squared.
5
No meon has any effect, other than collision, on any other similar meon.
6
The only symmetry breaking occurred when the universe began with its first rips and this locked-in an asymmetry, between variable mass and standardised charge, is due to the action of meon spin.
7
Spinning breaks symmetry and spinning moving meons cannot be reflected into anti meons except through the time mirror. Spin hides the perfect underlying symmetry.
8
Separated meon pairs chase each other, forming strings then chains then loops and finally rings of six meons.
9
Chains forming loops is when time began.
10
Only eight possible combinations of charge are possible within any ring.
11
Rings look like waves.
12
Rings are the quarks and leptons, and their smaller radii but larger mass other family members.
13
Electrostatic charge may be a reaction of space to being rubbed as a meon spirals along on its travels.
14
The effects of a meon spinning is like an immensely strong symmetric gravitational gyroscopic action which resists the equivalent of toppling of a gyroscope. A meon that is being dragged along by the meon in front of its line of travel is a gyroscope in strong gravitational and charge fields.
15
Inflation is inevitable in any ring system that starts as chains.
Level 2 concerns the rings that are formed from meons, which are the quarks and leptons, and how these rings interact to form photons, zerons, bosons and nucleons.
The following list outline descriptions of the state of matter at this level, where rings change size as their energies change or appear to as a result of different relative observations.
1
Meon loops form rings.
6-rings are strongest.
6-rings give only quarks and leptons.
Although each meon in a ring has a balance of motional energy, only the differences appear overall, but these always sum to zero.
Rings hide the bulk of their energy.
There is much more mass in any ring, in the form of positive and negative flair, than appears to be the case just by measuring its rotational rate.
2
All observable mass is motional energy of meons and is measured as a positive frequency.
3
All rings have the same initial energy when formed.
4
The mass of a ring is the rate of rotation of the ring multiplied by Planck’s constant h.
Ring sizes are proportional to observable mass or energy.
When the physical size of a ring with mass is observed to be smaller (greater frequency, meaning higher energy or greater mass) than it’s rest mass size, it will be observed to be in motion in order to express that extra energy.
Regardless of external velocity, the internal component meons do not change flair, but the observable mass of the ring will change.
5
There is an upper limit to the speed of a ring because of the viscosity of the universe, where the product of volume and viscosity is constant.
Rings are limited to travel at less than light speed by an amount dependent on their stationary mass, unless in a photon.
6
Quarks and leptons have the same ring structure, but the component meons have different combinations of handed and unitised spinning.
Equal meon densities can result in different mass densities.
Quark and lepton families may be only different modes sizes of those rings.
Leptons and quarks have helicity.
7
Since we use rings containing meons to measure rings containing meons, we cannot observe properties other than those of rings or meons.
8
There is no combination of meons that can be compressed within any volume that will be denser than a single meon.
9
Only subluminal velocities in ring space except when the ring is a ZTES.
10
Magnetism is caused by meons rotating in rings.
There are no magnetic monopoles.
The mass of a ring and its spin ½ moment are different manifestations of the same energy, the latter missing only the ring's frequency w, but confused by the factor of ½ which arises from observing a rotating ring using a rotating ring.
11
Temperature is ring frequency.
Absolute zero corresponds to the ring system becoming stationary, with consequent very large ring size.
Negative temperatures may correspond to temporarily reversing the direction of ring rotation.
12
Rings stack.
13
Neutrinos are variants of anti-neutrinos, out of phase by multiples of 60 degrees, rather than the usual 120 degrees of the other rings.
14
Because quarks are asymmetric, they need other asymmetric rings to balance.
15
A symmetric ring such as the electron will have an observable mass identical with its rotational frequency.
The quarks rotational rates imply different masses to those actually observed, which are fractions of those rates.
16
A ring can form a ZTES when in a stable orbit.
17
The only system that has no central source of potential, but still has motional energies, is a ring of meons.
18
The meon components of rings, and the systems formed by rings, have Planck’s constant angular momentum or units of the latter divided by twice Pi, respectively.
19
The increase in the ring size of rings with mass in gravitational fields is equivalent to warped space.
20
The strong force and electrostatic charge are equal in size, with the former only acting within a specific inter-ring distance.
21
Changing the direction of rotational motion of the meons around a ring changes the sign of each electrostatic charge generated and the sign of spin – the ring could become its anti-partner. If it were possible to have a stationary ring, with each of its meons spinning appropriately, it would be possible to begin the rotation of the ring in one direction, and generate, for example, an electron whilst rotating the opposite way would generate a positron. The choice of what is ring and what anti-ring has been made such that the change between a ring and its anti-partner is made by swapping positive meons for negative meons and vice versa, leaving all other properties unaltered (screw direction of twisting/spin of meons, rotation direction of ring).
22
Spin is a gravitational effect that only becomes apparent in situations where the rings get close enough to each other, and then the underlying similarity of the rings shows as the quantisation of those spins.
23
The mass and magnetic moments of all rings are the same at the Planck energy, when rings can only be distinguished by their charges.
24
There are 42 different ring types and 42 different anti-ring types in each ring family. Each different type is a different combination of the same total outcome of charge over a ring, an isomer of that type of ring. The electron has only one type, because of its symmetry, which exists in three different phases at 120 degrees from each other, but they are indistinguishable. There are 6 types of up quark, 15 of down quark and 20 different neutrinos.
25
The ratios of formation of each different ring types will be proportional to how often they appear from any random chain breaking and forming. Thus electrons ought to initially make up 1/42 of the total number of rings outstanding, an initial 6/42 for up quarks, for example. But the asymmetry of most of the down quarks and neutrinos means that this ratio may no longer hold due to black hole symmetry sieving.
26
Most rings in normal matter are the symmetric, or pseudo-symmetric, types and they do not break and reform other rings in normal circumstances. Nor do they have super-symmetric partners. Only when inside a black hole do rings break into chains and reform as potentially different rings. The general trend is for a black hole to trap asymmetry and eject symmetry into the universe.
The more symmetric a ring, the more likley it will exist on its own. Asymmetric rings need to have other asymmetric rings providing balance in a stack of rings.
Taking the ratios required to turn any ring into any other ring and the original ring-type ratios, it is possible to arrive at an estimate of the fraction of matter that makes up what we see at the moment, and how much must be in other forms. The result is that there are 25,132 total possible type-combinations. The ones that form atoms and normal matter only number 819 of these. There are 1,153 symmetric neutrinos left, 1,464 symmetric up quarks and 1,596 symmetric down quarks. But these are outnumbered by far by the number of asymmetric neutrinos, 11,744 and down quarks 7,749. So the bulk of ring numbers must appear in exotic forms, not necessarily in nucleons. If masses for each type of ring are attributed in line their normal isomers, the amount of symmetric-only ring matter making up nucleons and normal matter is about 7.5% of the total. This applies specifically based on the lowest mass family of rings. The two higher mass families will bias the ratio slightly higher.
The remainder, assuming that neutrinos not in cores have little or no mass, is in the form of zerons, symmetric up and down quarks, and asymmetric down quarks. The latter could all by now have been sieved by black holes, and turned into photons or zerons.
27
The universe has sum of energy equal to zero, although the sum of the masses of the rings is not equal to zero. Due to the vector nature of energy, the sum of energies is structurally equal to zero, because all the outward motions cancel symmetrically. So it is only possible to get dark energy if the universe ‘balloon’ is popped and outward energy released like the pressure drop in a popped balloon. That will only occur if the universe is a balloon or bubble inside another universe.
Level 3 concerns ring stacks and how they interact, either within the stack as the colour force or from stack to stack as the nuclear or strong force.
The following list outlines descriptions of the state of matter at this level, where stacks can be long or short and strongly or weakly bound together.
1
6-rings stack to form other particles.
Light is six partly merged zero mass black holes rotating in a ring as they travel, each meon ZMBH component chasing its partner at maximum (light) speed as a part of a short chain of length two.
A photon is ring and anti-ring rotating in the same sense, whose total of twelve meons are partly merged into six ZMBHs rotating at the frequency of the photon.
Photons exist because the spin of the meons does not allow matched meon pairs (partly merged across the ring and anti-ring of a photon) fully to merge and form ZMBHs. The maximum merging by meon pairs across rings in a photon is almost the same as the minimum needed by the pair to break out of a ZMBH state.
Photons have no total energy, only frequency in the same way as rings with mass.
A ring with rest-mass can become a ring without rest-mass only when it merges with a partner anti-ring to become a photon, but reverts when photons are captured and become stationary.
Ring combinations form ZTESs like zerons or photons.
The shape of a photon ring does not have to be a circle or oval, it can also be compressed to that of a line perpendicular to the direction of motion.
2
Altering the apparent energy content of a photon requires a change in momentum of each meon in the photon’s two rings, which sums to zero overall. Conservation of momentum leads to conservation of frequency, which we measure as conservation of energy.
3
Zeron have two forms. Zes are electron and positron counter-rotating and have zero spin and charge observable, but a mass of twice that of an electron when observed from far enough away, even though their actual masses are equal and opposite. Zos are neutrino and anti-neutrino counter-rotating and have no mass, charge or spin observable.
Zerons can become observable or be split in the presence of strong gravitational fields, and this is what pair creation arise from.
Zes may be a source of ‘dark matter’. Zos may be a source of transmission of the actions of charge and gravity.
4
The electron and neutrino can stack in a nucleus.
5
Virtual photons are real.
6
All photons are similarly red-shifted in proportion to distance travelled by the component meons.
7
Colour forces are where the energies of rings are the same, but the phases are different – especially noticeable in quark rings where there is threefold asymmetry, although asymmetry is also present in neutrino rings. Only electron rings are completely symmetric, so will have all three phases undistinguishable.
Which colour variant of quark is in a stack depends on what the others in the stack are, and what it is measured to be will depend on when it is measured. A red quark in one stack may be a green quark in a different nucleon stack, although the energies are the same – it is just the rotational phases that are different.
It is rotational phase balance that requires colour and anti-colours to be present in stable quark/anti-quark particle combinations.
All three core-quarks in a nucleon stack are attractive until they find a balance at very short distances, beyond which their interaction becomes repulsive due to their loop nature.
Spin is magnetism at its lowest level.
8
Photon ring size increases in gravitational fields as a gravitational red shift.
9
Combinations of rings in a stack can move between stacks. These are described as force carrying particles, such as photons, but are just fairly stable pairings that have been dislodged from one stack and joined another.
10
Photons captured by orbital electrons move to a separation from the electron such that local light speed is the same as that of the electron.
11
Electromagnetism is caused by pseudo-tumbling photon rings.
12
The basis for the cores of nucleons appears to be, from the masses and magnetic moments, that the proton and neutron each consist of nine rings.
13
When a free electron is moving, it will be surrounded by many photons in the form of neutrino or electron pairs, and the mass of the stack will be larger than that when the electron stack is in a stable orbit in an atom. The electron stack must lose energy to move closer to a nucleus. But it needs to gain energy to move into a nucleon stack.
Level 4 concerns some of the features that Level 3 structures can have.
1
A photon skips around its spherical emission shell randomly until the energy of the shell is sufficiently fluctuated, when the photon becomes stuck in its current position on the shell. Its path is not a straight line and the photon's final position is not decide until that fluctuation. It's path to that final point may look appropriate from a near straightline basis, but on the shell, all positions are appropriate at all times and the actual path of the photon can never be known.
2
The neutrino can take on the size of whichever ring it is attached to without appearing to gain or lose energy, only changing frequency.
3
The nucleus of an atom is a ZTES as are the stable orbits of electrons around that nucleus.
4
An electron free gas is where the electrostatic repulsion of the electrons is balanced by their aligned strong force attractions.
5
Photons are already attached to electrons as stacks in the form of same-rotating neutrinos/neutrino-anti-neutrino and the energy that they take away represents what they had already added to the naked electron to allow it to move to a higher energy orbit in the first place. The free electron could have many such matched neutrino pairs travelling with it, interacting continually with the environment in a sort of balanced chaos of attachment and detachment.
Level 5 concerns groups of Level 3 structures and the properties they can have or the results that can occur because of their interactions.
1
Randomness is caused by vibrating ZMBHs, Zerons, neutrinos and unentanglement of particles.
2
Uncertainty is due to loops and rings and the skipping of ZTES rings.
3
Inertial forces are the only way of describing the balancing motion of particles in gravitational or charge fields.
4
Cosmological black holes breaks rings into chains and reforms them into zero mass configurations so that they can escape.
Cosmological black holes act to reduce the apparent mass of the universe in filtering massive and massless rings into only massless rings.
Broken rings can transfer their rotation to black holes.
Zerons can escape from black holes.
Strong gravity and charge fields break rings into chains.
5
The centre of the Earth is a ZTES.
A balloon is a ZTES, apart from the skin.
6
It is also possible that the three inflation amounts represent changes imposed on rings that were oriented in the three different axes of space. So x, y and z axes correspond to each family of ring sizes, and subsequently their orientations became mixed when inflation ceased. It may be that our ‘normal’ rings set a particular orientation of spin up/down, which is impressed from the initial inflation of that set. The leptons should represent the largest value of inflation along each axis, with the quarks limited in some way and not reaching maximum expansion.
7
The presumption is that all constants (possibly including the fine structure constant) started at unity and those that are no longer unity in Planck units have decayed to their current values over time. The masses of the rings started at unity and decayed through inflation.
8
Red shift is due to two sources, not one. The usual is expansion, but there is also viscosity (tired light).
9
String Theory is based on massless strings forming loops. A ring is a massless loop in total due to the meons. It has extra degrees of freedom due to the screw orientation of meons as they move, which provides the different charge values, and the observable mass of the loop is its frequency.
This chapter explains the underlying structure of space and why there are the forces in action on the particles that there are.
1
Flair and knack are intimately linked through their signs in both space and time.
Flair is ‘something’ with positive volume and knack is ‘something’ with negative volume.
2
There is a preference for bodies to maintain separation.
Bodies stay at the same separation unless acted upon by a force.
3
When constancy of separation is paramount, there is no concept of acceleration of mass due to change in direction of motion.
4
Two appropriately matched spin 0 zerons could collide and form two opposite spin photons – but energy has not been created.
5
Volume and time combine in only four ways.
6
Positive volumes attract whereas negative volumes repel.
7
Twisting/Spin in meons breaks symmetry.
8
Meons have balanced volume, time and energy.
Meons do not change volume.
9
Positive volumes try to clump together within the smallest surface area.
Negative volumes try to maximise surface area and stay separate.
Positive volumes are flairs and masses, negative volumes are knacks and charges.
10
A positive-time flair (positive flair) and a negative-time knack (positive knack) is a positive meon with balanced time.
11
When ZMBHs unmerge, the resulting void in space is no longer part of the universe.
12
A large ZMBH unmerging event, a rip, could leave a massive void behind, but we would not know and rings would pass across or around the void without delay.
13
A sponge universe, where space exists only in the matter surrounding the voids would be indistinguishable from a contiguous space.
14
Zeron splitting by ZMBHs and rings exceeds black hole ‘pair creation’.
15
In the super-dense state caused by the meons at the start of the big bang, the whole volume is effectively a barrier type material with effectively instantaneous transmission of impulses.